# =============================================================================
# April 24 2025
# R code used to produce all results, tables, and figures in the SI Online Appendix K
# Rebecca Cordell
# Unpacking the Role of In-Group Bias in US Public Opinion on Human Rights Violations
# American Journal of Political Science
# https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/TGAL7M
# =============================================================================

# Clear work environment
rm(list=ls())

# Install Packages
#install.packages("dplyr")
#install.packages("ggplot2")
#install.packages("forcats")
#install.packages("ggpubr")
#install.packages("ggeasy")
#install.packages("lemon")
#install.packages("sandwich")
#install.packages("survey")
#install.packages("lmtest")
#install.packages("remotes")
#remotes::install_version("cregg", version = "0.4.0")

# Required Packages
library("dplyr")
library("ggplot2")
library("forcats")
library("ggpubr")
library("sandwich")
library("survey")
library("lmtest")
library("cregg")
library("ggeasy")
library("lemon")

options(scipen = 999)
options(warn=-1)

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Read in data
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

hr_survey<-read.csv("cordell_ingroupbiashumanrights_data.csv", header=TRUE, stringsAsFactors = FALSE)

# =============================================================================
# Figure K.1: Effect of the Group Identity Attributes on Respondents’ Disapproval of the Abuse, Combined Effect of the Target (Race/Religion/Citizenship) Identity Variables–Any Identity Shared
# =============================================================================

# Convert regression variables into factors
factor_vars <- c("perp_match", "agent", "type", "scope", "targ_nonstate", "targ_race_match", 
                 "targ_relig_match", "targ_citiz_match", "frame", "elite_match", 
                 "targ_any_match")
hr_survey[factor_vars] <- lapply(hr_survey[factor_vars], as.factor)

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Calculate marginal means
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Model 1
fig_k1_m1 <- cregg::cj(hr_survey, outcome1 ~ perp_match + agent + type + scope + targ_nonstate + targ_any_match + frame + elite_match, id = ~id, estimate = "mm")

# Subset group identity dummy variables
group_vars <- c("perp_match", "targ_any_match", 
                "elite_match")
fig_k1_m1 <- fig_k1_m1[fig_k1_m1$feature %in% group_vars,]

# Model 2
fig_k1_m2 <- cregg::cj(hr_survey, outcome2 ~ perp_match + agent + type + scope + targ_nonstate + targ_any_match + frame + elite_match, id = ~id, estimate = "mm")

# Subset group identity dummy variables
fig_k1_m2 <- fig_k1_m2[fig_k1_m2$feature %in% group_vars,]

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Prepare figures
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Combine models
fig_k1_all <- rbind(fig_k1_m1, fig_k1_m2)

# Create group identity variable labels
variable_labels <- c(
  "perp_match" = "Perpetrator (partisanship)",
  "targ_any_match" = "Target (any)",
  "elite_match" = "Elite cue (partisanship)"
)
fig_k1_all <- dplyr::bind_rows(
  fig_k1_all,
  do.call(rbind, lapply(names(variable_labels), function(variable) {
    data.frame(
      outcome = c("outcome1", "outcome2"),
      variable = variable_labels[variable],
      level = variable_labels[variable],
      estimate = NA, lower = NA, upper = NA
    )
  }))
)

# Create respondents variable (in-groups vs. out-groups)
fig_k1_all <- fig_k1_all %>%
  mutate(
    Respondents = case_when(
      grepl("_in", level) ~ "In-group",
      grepl("_out", level) ~ "Out-group",
      level %in% c("Perpetrator (partisanship)", "Target (any)", "Elite cue (partisanship)") ~ "In-group",
      TRUE ~ level
    ),
    Respondents = factor(Respondents, levels = c("In-group", "Out-group"))
  )

# Set factor order
level_order <- c(
  "Perpetrator (partisanship)", "perp_in", "perp_out",
  "Target (any)", "targ_in", "targ_out",
  "Elite cue (partisanship)", "elite_in", "elite_out"
)
fig_k1_all <- fig_k1_all %>%
  mutate(level = factor(level, levels = level_order) %>% fct_rev())

# Separate models
fig_k1_m1 <- filter(fig_k1_all, outcome == "outcome1")
fig_k1_m2 <- filter(fig_k1_all, outcome == "outcome2")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create figures
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Create panel (a) Disapproval forced-choice
fig_k1_m1_plot <- ggplot(fig_k1_m1, aes(x = level, y = estimate, colour = Respondents)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = lower, ymax = upper), size = 0.3, width = 0.2) +
  scale_x_discrete(labels = c(
    "", "Elite cue (partisanship)", "", 
    "", "Target (any)", "", 
    "","Perpetrator (partisanship)",""
  )) +
  xlab('') + ylab('Marginal mean') +
  coord_flip() +
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0.5, size = 0.2, color = "black") +
  theme_classic(base_size = 10) +
  scale_colour_grey() +
  easy_center_title() +
  ggtitle("(a) Disapproval forced-choice") +
  theme(
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 10)),
    axis.ticks.y = element_blank()
  ) +
  labs(color = NULL)

# Create panel (b) Disapproval ratings-based
fig_k1_m2_plot <- ggplot(fig_k1_m2, aes(x = level, y = estimate, colour = Respondents)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = lower, ymax = upper), size = 0.3, width = 0.2) +
  scale_x_discrete(labels = c(
    "", "Elite cue (partisanship)", "", 
    "", "Target (any)", "", 
    "","Perpetrator (partisanship)",""
  )) +
  xlab('') + ylab('Marginal mean') +
  coord_flip() +
  theme_classic(base_size = 10) +
  scale_colour_grey() +
  easy_center_title() +
  ggtitle("(b) Disapproval ratings-based") +
  theme(
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 10)),
    axis.ticks.y = element_blank()
  ) +
  labs(color = NULL)

# Print Figure K.1
pdf('figure_k1.pdf', width = 8.26, height = 5.82)
ggarrange(fig_k1_m1_plot, NULL, fig_k1_m2_plot,
          nrow = 1, common.legend = T, legend = "bottom", ncol=3, widths = c(1, 0.09, 1))
dev.off()

# =============================================================================
# Figure K.2: Additive Effect of the Target (Race/Religion/Citizenship) Identity Variables–Number of Identities Shared
# =============================================================================

# Convert regression variables into factors
factor_vars <- c("perp_match", "agent", "type", "scope", "targ_nonstate", "targ_race_match", 
                 "targ_relig_match", "targ_citiz_match", "frame", "elite_match", 
                 "targ_shared_ident")
hr_survey[factor_vars] <- lapply(hr_survey[factor_vars], as.factor)

# Create shared identities categorical variable
hr_survey$targ_shared_ident <- factor(
  hr_survey$targ_shared_ident,
  levels = c("0", "1", "2_3"),
  labels = c("shared_0", "shared_1", "shared_2_3")
)

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Calculate marginal means
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Model 1
fig_k2_m1 <- cregg::cj(hr_survey, outcome1 ~ perp_match + agent + type + scope + targ_nonstate + targ_race_match + targ_relig_match + targ_citiz_match + frame + elite_match + targ_shared_ident, id = ~id, estimate = "mm")

# Model 2
fig_k2_m2 <- cregg::cj(hr_survey, outcome2 ~ perp_match + agent + type + scope + targ_nonstate + targ_race_match + targ_relig_match + targ_citiz_match + frame + elite_match + targ_shared_ident, id = ~id, estimate = "mm")

# Subset shared identity variable
group_vars <- c("targ_shared_ident")
fig_k2_m1 <- fig_k2_m1[fig_k2_m1$feature %in% group_vars,]
fig_k2_m2 <- fig_k2_m2[fig_k2_m2$feature %in% group_vars,]

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Prepare figures
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Combine models
fig_k2_all <- rbind(fig_k2_m1, fig_k2_m2)

# Set factor order
level_order <- c(
  "shared_2_3", "shared_1", "shared_0"
)
fig_k2_all <- fig_k2_all %>%
  mutate(level = factor(level, levels = level_order) %>% fct_rev())

# Separate models
fig_k2_m1 <- filter(fig_k2_all, outcome == "outcome1")
fig_k2_m2 <- filter(fig_k2_all, outcome == "outcome2")

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create figures
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Create panel (a) Disapproval forced-choice
fig_k2_m1_plot <- ggplot(fig_k2_m1, aes(x = level, y = estimate)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = lower, ymax = upper), size = 0.3, width = 0.2) +
  scale_x_discrete(labels = c("None", "One", "Two or three")) +
  xlab('') + ylab('Marginal mean') +
  coord_flip() +
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0.5, size = 0.2, color = "black") +
  scale_y_symmetric(mid = 0.5) +
  theme_classic(base_size = 10) +
  scale_colour_grey() +
  easy_center_title() +
  ggtitle("(a) Disapproval forced-choice") +
  theme(
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 10)),
    axis.ticks.y = element_blank()
  )

# Create panel (b) Disapproval ratings-based
fig_k2_m2_plot <- ggplot(fig_k2_m2, aes(x = level, y = estimate)) +
  geom_point() +
  geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = lower, ymax = upper), size = 0.3, width = 0.2) +
  scale_x_discrete(labels = c("None", "One", "Two or three")) +
  xlab('') + ylab('Marginal mean') +
  coord_flip() +
  theme_classic(base_size = 10) +
  scale_colour_grey() +
  easy_center_title() +
  ggtitle("(b) Disapproval ratings-based") +
  theme(
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(margin = margin(t = 10)),
    axis.ticks.y = element_blank()
  )

# Print Figure K.2
pdf('figure_k2.pdf', width = 8.26, height = 5.82)
ggarrange(fig_k2_m1_plot, NULL, fig_k2_m2_plot, nrow = 1, common.legend = T, legend = "bottom", ncol=3, widths = c(1, 0.09, 1))
dev.off()